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Luxor (Arabic: ?????? ) is a city in Upper (southern) Egypt and the capital of the Al Uqsur governorate, population approximately 200,000. As the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes, Luxor has frequently been characterised as the "world's greatest open air museum", the ruins of the temple complexes at Karnak and Luxor standing within the modern city. Immediately opposite, across the Nile River, lie the monuments, temples and tombs on the West Bank Necropolis, which include the Valley of the Kings and Valley of the Queens. Thousands of international tourists arrive each year to visit these monuments, their presence forming a large part of the economic basis for the modern city. As a result, Luxor represents an excellent base for touring Upper Egypt, and is a popular holiday destination, both in its own right and as a starting or finishing point for Nile cruises.
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Thebes (T?ßa?, Thebai) is the Greek designation of the ancient Egyptian niwt "(The) City" and niwt-rst "(The) Southern City". It is located about 800 km south of the Mediterranean, on the east bank of the river Nile (25.7° N 32.645° E). Thebes was the capital of Waset, the fourth Upper Egyptian nome (the term "Waset" was used for the name of the city as well). The city was the capital of Egypt during part of the Eleventh Dynasty (Middle Kingdom), and most of the Eighteenth Dynasty (New Kingdom), though the administration probably remained located at Memphis for much of this. With the Nineteenth Dynasty the seat of government moved to the Delta. The archaeological remains of Thebes offer a striking testimony to Egyptian civilization at its height.In modern usage, the mortuary temples and tombs on the west bank of the river Nile are generally thought of as being part of Thebes.
As the seat of the Theban triad of Amun, Mut, and Khonsu, Thebes was known in the Egyptian language from the end of the New Kingdom as niwt-imn, "The City of Amun." This found its way into the Hebrew Bible as ?? ???? no? ?amôn (Nahum 3:8), which is probably the same as ?? ("No") (Ezekiel 30:14). In Greek this name was rendered ???sp???? Diospolis, "City of Zeus" (Zeus being the god whom the Greeks identified with Amun). The Greeks surnamed the city µe???? megale, "the Great", to differentiate the city from numerous others named Diospolis. The Romans rendered the name Diospolis Magna.
The Greek poet Homer extolled the wealth of Thebes in the Iliad, Book 9 (c. 7th Century BCE): "... in Egyptian Thebes the heaps of precious ingots gleam, the hundred-gated Thebes."
Luxor and Karnak are the modern-day Arabic names of the towns situated at or near the sites of two important temples that stood on the outskirts of the city.
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